Cone
# |
Temp
°F |
Temp
°C |
Incandescence |
Range |
|
Substance Details |
14 |
2525 |
1390 |
Brilliant White |
High-Fire |
|
P
o
r
c
e
l
a
i
n |
End Porcelain |
13 |
2460 |
1350 |
Brilliant White |
High-Fire |
Porcelain |
12 |
2375 |
1310 |
White |
High-Fire |
Porcelain |
11 |
2340 |
1285 |
White |
High-Fire |
S
t
o
n
e |
Porcelain,
End High-Fire Stoneware |
10 |
2300 |
1260 |
White |
High-Fire |
High-Fire Stoneware,
Begin Porcelain (definition) |
9 |
2280 |
1250 |
White |
High-Fire |
|
High-Fire Stoneware |
8 |
2240 |
1225 |
White |
High-Fire |
Begin High-Fire Stoneware |
7 |
2210 |
1210 |
Yellow-White |
Mid-Fire |
w
a
r
e |
End Mid-Fire Stoneware |
6 |
2175 |
1190 |
Yellow-White |
Mid-Fire |
Mid-Fire Stoneware |
5 |
2160 |
1180 |
Yellow-White |
Mid-Fire |
Mid-Fire Stoneware |
4 |
2130 |
1165 |
Yellow |
Mid-Fire |
E
a
r
t
h
e
n |
End Earthenware |
3 |
2095 |
1145 |
Yellow |
Lower
Mid-Fire |
Earthenware |
2 |
2080 |
1135 |
Yellow |
Lower
Mid-Fire |
Begin Mid-Fire Stoneware (definition)
Earthenware |
1 |
2060 |
1125 |
Yellow |
Lower
Mid-Fire |
|
Earthenware |
There is no "0" (zero) cone. The "0" prefixes
on the cone numbers below are like a minus sign. |
01 |
2030 |
1110 |
Yellow |
Lower
Mid-Fire |
|
w
a
r
e |
Earthenware |
02 |
2000 |
1095 |
Yellow-Orange |
Low-Fire |
|
Earthenware
Glass begins to form within the clay
|
03 |
1980 |
1080 |
Yellow-Orange |
Low-Fire |
|
Earthenware |
04 |
1920 |
1050 |
Yellow-Orange |
Low-Fire |
B
i
s
q
u
e |
Earthenware,
End Bisque Firing |
05 |
1880 |
1030 |
Orange |
Low-Fire |
Earthenware
Bisque Firing |
06 |
1840 |
1005 |
Orange |
Low-Fire |
Bisque Firing
Begin Earthenware (definition) |
07 |
1785 |
975 |
Orange |
Low-Fire |
|
Bisque Firing |
08 |
1735 |
945 |
Red-Orange |
Low-Fire |
Begin Bisque Firing |
09 |
1705 |
930 |
Red-Orange |
Low-Fire |
|
|
010 |
1635 |
890 |
Red-Orange |
Low-Fire |
W
a
r
m
G
l
a
s
s
|
End Warm Glass |
011 |
1605 |
875 |
Red-Orange |
Low-Fire |
Warm Glass |
012 |
1545 |
840 |
Red-Orange |
Low-Fire |
Warm Glass
End Fuming |
013 |
1485 |
805 |
Cherry Red |
Very
Low-Fire |
Warm Glass
FumingEnd Carbon, Burn Out |
014 |
1395 |
760 |
Cherry Red |
Very
Low-Fire |
Begin Warm Glass (Slumping & Fusing)
Carbon Burn Out, Fuming |
015 |
1380 |
750 |
Cherry Red |
Very
Low-Fire |
|
Carbon Burn Out, Fuming |
016 |
1370 |
740 |
Dull Red |
Very
Low-Fire |
O
v
e
r
g
l
a
z
e |
End Overglaze
Carbon Burn Out, Fuming |
017 |
1330 |
705 |
Dull Red |
Very
Low-Fire |
Overglaze, Fuming, Carbon Burn Out
End Water Smoking |
018 |
1260 |
680 |
Dull Red |
Very
Low-Fire |
Overglaze
Fuming, Carbon Burn Out & Water Smoking |
019 |
1225 |
660 |
Dull Red |
Very
Low-Fire |
Overglaze
Fuming, Carbon Burn Out & Water Smoking |
020 |
1159 |
625 |
Dull Dark Red |
Very
Low-Fire |
Overglaze
Fuming, Carbon Burn Out & Water Smoking |
021 |
1110 |
600 |
Dull Dark Red |
Very
Low-Fire |
Overglaze
Fuming, Carbon Burn Out & Water Smoking |
022 |
1085°
F |
590°
C |
Dull Dark Red |
Very
Low-Fire |
Begin Overglaze (China Paints, Decals)
Fuming, Carbon Burn Out & Water Smoking**
are already in progress at this temperature |
Cone 022 marks the lowest kiln temperature at which incandescence of the ceramics
is visible. |
** The early stage stage of bisque-firing or single-firing, below
1200°F,
when carbonates, nitrates, sulfates, organic contaminants, and chemically combined water volatize and outgas. |